高羊茅种子内生真菌的消毒方法

在高羊茅Festuca arundinacea组织培养中最常用的外植体是成熟种子,而种子中共生的半知菌亚门内生真菌Neotyphodium coenophialum使消毒较为困难,污染率高.为了研究温水处理对富含内生真菌的高羊茅种子发芽率、污染率和出愈率的影响,以不同温度(40,50,60℃)、不同时间(10,20,30min)的温水浸泡和次氯酸钠配合使用处理高羊茅种子,并进行发芽率试验和愈伤组织培养.经统计学分析发现,适用于富含内生真菌的高羊茅种子的最佳消毒组合为50℃温水浸泡10min,再经70%酒精处理5min,然后用次氯酸钠处理15min.消毒方法在保证较高种子发芽率的前提下,可降低种子污染率,提高出愈率.该消毒技术对于解决高羊茅因内生真菌造成的严重污染、出愈率低等现象有重要作用,并为高羊茅再生体系构建奠定重要的试验基础.     

铜、镉、铅对高羊茅种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以高羊茅火凤凰2号(PhoenixⅡ)为试验材料,研究铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。分别用CuSO4·5H2O,3CdSO4·8H2O和Pb(NO3)2溶液模拟重金属胁迫处理高羊茅种子,设置低浓度、中浓度、较高浓度、高浓度4个浓度梯度,分别为Cu^2+(200、300、400、500mg/L);Cd^2+(1、50、100、150mg/L);Pb^2+(500、1000、1500、2000mg/L)。通过测定火凤凰2号的相对发芽率、相对发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、叶表面积、根冠比等13个生长指标,研究高羊茅在3种重金属胁迫下的发芽及幼苗生长状况。结果表明:高羊茅对镉胁迫的耐受性最好,中、低浓度铜胁迫下幼苗耐受性较差,较高浓度及高浓度下对铅胁迫的耐受性最差。铜胁迫下随着胁迫程度的加剧,各项指标均呈下降趋势且幼苗生长受到抑制;低浓度镉、铅胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗生长有促进作用,随着胁迫程度的增高,种子萌发和幼苗生长会受到明显的抑制。当Pb^2+≥1500mg/L时,高羊茅幼苗根系生长受到完全抑制,生长量为0,出现“无根苗”。     

Determination of Festuca filiformis seedbank characteristics,seedling emergence and herbicide susceptibility to aid management in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)

Festuca filiformis is a common perennial grass in lowbush blueberry fields, but little is known about the general biology, seedbank characteristics, seedling recruitment or susceptibility of seedlings to currently registered herbicides. The objectives of this research were to determine (i) the presence of F. filiformis seedbanks in lowbush blueberry fields, (ii) whether F. filiformis seedbanks accumulate near the soil surface in lowbush blueberry fields, (iii) the dormancy status of fresh F. filiformis seeds, (iv) the temporal patterns of seedling recruitment in established F. filiformis populations, (v) whether F. filiformis has a vernalisation requirement for flowering in lowbush blueberry and (vi) susceptibility of F. filiformis seedlings to various herbicides currently registered in lowbush blueberry. Festuca filiformis formed a seedbank in lowbush blueberry fields, with an average of 1660 ± 272–5680 ± 1409 seedlings m^?2 emerging from soil cores collected from two infested fields. Most seeds were located at the soil surface, providing opportunities for seedbank management through predation or burning. Fresh seeds lacked dormancy and readily germinated, although germination was reduced by dark conditions. New seedlings emerged in spring and autumn and required vernalisation to flower. Seedlings were susceptible to several currently registered herbicides in lowbush blueberry, although mortality rates were highest in plants treated with glufosinate, flumioxazin, glufosinate + flumioxazin and terbacil. Growers should avoid movement of seeds on machinery, and additional research should be conducted to determine the effects of registered herbicides on F. filiformis seedling recruitment under field conditions in lowbush blueberry.     

Simulating bimodal tall fescue growth with a degree‐day‐based process‐oriented plant model

Plant growth simulation models have a temperature response function driving development, with a base temperature and an optimum temperature defined. Such models function well when plant development rate shows a continuous change throughout the growing season. This approach becomes more complex as it is extended to cool‐season perennial grasses with a dormant period and bimodal growth curves. The objective of this study was to develop such a bimodal growth model for tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort) in the Midwest USA based on multiyear measurement trials. Functions for bimodal growth were incorporated into the ALMANAC model and applied to tall fescue using published tall fescue yields for a variety of sites and soils. Fields of cultivars “Kentucky 31” and “BarOptima Plus E34” were divided into paddocks and sampled weekly for dry‐matter accumulation. These biomass estimates were used to derive weekly growth values by differences between sequential weekly samplings. The measured values were compared to a single tall fescue simulation each year on one soil. Using these results, the ALMANAC model was modified and tested against mean reported tall fescue yields for 11 sites, with one to three soils per site. When we introduced midsummer dormancy into ALMANAC, we assumed dormancy began on the longest day of the year and lasted until the photoperiod was 0.68 hr shorter than the longest. ALMANAC simulated previously reported tall fescue yields well across the range of sites. Thus, ALMANAC shows great promise to simulate bimodal growth in this common cool‐season grass.     

Variations in vernalization requirements among ecotypes of Festuca hallii

Plains rough fescue (Festuca hallii [Vasey] Piper) is an important forage grass species in the Northern Great Plains of Canada. Its seed is in demand for forage production and habitat restoration, but erratic seed production limits supply. A comprehensive understanding of factors influencing flowering and seed production in this species is needed. This study evaluated the morphological and phenological variation among six ecotypes of F. hallii from Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Seeds were germinated, and seedlings were grown in the field and then transplanted to a greenhouse in November. Plants not flowering in the greenhouse were vernalized under 5°C and 8-h light for 11 weeks. In a separate experiment, plants were subjected to temperature regimes of 15/5°C, 10/0°C and 5/−5°C with day-length treatments of 12 h, 8 h and a gradually changing daylength from 12 to 8 h respectively. This study demonstrated the existence of considerable variation in morphological and phenological characteristics, and in growth and vernalization requirements among ecotypes of F. hallii. Vernalization requirements were not met for the ecotype from the Moist Mixed Grassland Ecoregion when it was grown under common conditions, whereas ecotypes from other ecoregions were vernalized in at least one of the 2 years in the field experiment. Northern ecotypes tended to flower earlier after artificial vernalization treatments. Overall, 15/5 to 5/−5°C d per night temperature regimes with photoperiods between 12 and 8 h were effective in inducing flowering. The seed source of F. hallii should be regarded as an important consideration affecting its use, both for habitat restoration and for forage production.     

紫花地丁对2种草坪草的化感潜力初探

采用室内生物测定法研究紫花地丁(Viola yedoensis)水浸提液、腐解液对草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)和高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea) 2种草坪草的化感潜力,以初步探讨其化感作用,为杂草地草坪建坪草种选择提供依据.结果表明:紫花地丁水浸提液对2 种草坪草种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合效应有显著抑制作用,且具有浓度效应;腐解液对草地早熟禾种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合效应有显著抑制作用,而对高羊茅种子萌发和幼苗生长的综合效应表现出“低促高抑”的趋势.以水浸提液对草地早熟禾和高羊茅的抑制作用最明显;紫花地丁对草地早熟禾的化感抑制作用大于对高羊茅的抑制作用.高羊茅比草地早熟禾适合在紫花地丁为主要杂草的土地建坪.     

高羊茅腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶基因FaSAMDC的克隆与差异表达分析

在进行高羊茅光敏色素C基因5′端克隆时,筛选到腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶基因的5′端序列,根据5′端序列设计引物,扩增出该基因的3′端,拼接得到高羊茅腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶基因全序列,命名为FaSAMDC(GenBank登录号:HQ606139),利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究FaSAMDC基因在长日照与短日照条件下昼夜24 h的表达差异,为进一步揭示不同光周期调控FaSAMDC基因的表达奠定理论基础。FaSAMDC的cDNA全长1 964 bp,具有微型上游阅读框、小型上游阅读框和主阅读框3个开放阅读框,分别位于226～234,234～380和555～1 742 bp,微型上游阅读框和小型上游阅读框存在1个碱基重叠,主阅读框编码395个氨基酸,含有保守功能域:酶原剪切位点功能域和SAMDC蛋白快速降解有关的PEST功能域。对编码蛋白氨基酸序列的同源性分析表明,FaSAMDC与其他单子叶植物SAMDC蛋白的亲缘关系较近。在长日照和短日照处理条件下,FaSAMDC都具有3个表达峰。短日照处理条件下的表达峰比长日照处理条件下的表达峰早几个小时,但峰高低于长日照条件。由此说明,FaSAMDC基因的表达受光周期调控,与生物钟控制的昼夜节律有关。     

遮荫胁迫下外源一氧化氮对高羊茅的生理调控作用

用外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)处理遮荫胁迫下的2个高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种,探讨外源NO对遮荫胁迫下其叶绿素含量、膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性及脯氨酸(Pro)含量的影响。结果表明:外源NO可以显著提高遮荫胁迫下高羊茅叶片的叶绿素含量(P<0.05),减弱质膜相对透性的增加,减缓膜质过氧化产物MDA含量的升高,促进Pro的积累,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性(P<0.05)。遮荫胁迫下高羊茅品种踏火二号的电解质渗透率、MDA含量、CAT活性和Pro含量的变化显著(P<0.05),NO的作用效果更明显。表明外源NO对遮荫胁迫下的高羊茅具有一定的保护作用,且存在品种差异。     

丝茅入侵对高羊茅根系及土壤性状的影响

针对南方地区丝茅(Imperata koenigii (Retz.) P. Beauv.)入侵对冷季型草坪造成严重危害的实践生产问题,通过模拟高羊茅(Festuca arundiacea L.)草坪建植时丝茅入侵形成的混生群落,连续测定群落中根长密度、根干重密度和根体积密度等根系性状指标,土壤容重、土壤含水量及pH等土壤性状指标,分析丝茅入侵对高羊茅草坪根系及土壤性状影响的动态变化。结果表明:丝茅入侵对高羊茅草坪根长密度、根干重密度和根体积密度均有极显著影响(P<0.01);丝茅入侵60 d起影响根长密度,90 d起影响根干重密度,150 d起影响根体积密度;侵入持续时间对高羊茅根系指标影响排序为根体积密度>根干重密度>根长密度;丝茅对草坪分层土壤的含水量、容重和pH均有极显著影响(P<0.01);入侵60 d起首先影响高羊茅根系主要分布的10~20 cm层的土壤性状,影响逐渐向上、向下扩展;持续时间对土壤性状的影响排序为土壤含水量>容重>pH;丝茅入侵使高羊茅根系分生和更新能力下降,使其根系分布土壤层的含水量降低、透气性变差、酸度增高,从而降低高羊茅根系活性与吸收能力,使其竞争力降低而逐渐退化。本试验结果将为草坪中丝茅的防治提供基础数据。     

4个高羊茅品种幼苗期抗旱性比较研究

本试验以4个不同品种的高羊茅为材料,在幼苗期对其进行5种不同水势(0MPa、-0.3MPa、-0.6MPa、-0.9MPa、-1.2MPa)的PEG-6000人工模拟干旱胁迫,从丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量以及抗氧化保护酶活性等几个生理生化指标着手,对其抗旱性进行了对比研究.试验数据表明,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,高羊茅幼苗叶片中MDA、Pro和Car含量呈上升趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先降后升的趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先升后降的趋势.同时发现,高羊茅幼苗期的耐旱极限范围可能在-0.9MPa水势左右.最后利用综合聚类分析法得出这4个高羊茅品种的抗旱性强弱为:贝克的抗旱性较强,家园的抗旱性较弱,火凤凰和爱瑞3的抗旱性一般.